Approval Sheet
This
undergraduate thesis entitled: “LARVICIDAL EFFECT OF MADRE DE CACAO (GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM) LEAF EXTRACT ON
HOUSEHOLD MOSQUITO (CULEX PIPIENS)”
submitted by MA. CHZARMYN T. ANTONIO, AINA RIE M. ANTOY, AND JANCES M. LUMOGDA
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION (Major in Biological Sciences) is hereby approved.
Prof. ZENAIDA T.
JUADA
Adviser
Mr.
LEMUEL I.GENTAPANAN Mr.
DENNIS M. CARDENAL
Subject Instructor Panel Member
Mr. RICHELLE L. SANCHEZ
Panel Member
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (Major in Biological Sciences).
JELYN
O. ALENTAJAN, PH.D
Dean, College of Teacher
Education
March 2014
Acknowledgement
The researchers would like to extend their sincere
thanks, deep gratitude, and appreciation to all those who, in a way or another,
contributed to the realization of this study;
First, to Mr. Lemuel I. Gentapanan our subject
instructor for his guidance, encouragement, and support and for approving our
research study;
To Prof. Zenaida T. Juada our thesis adviser for
her unending patient and effort in checking and improving our work, for
directing us what to do, and for generous sharing of her expertise;
To Dr. Jelyn O. Alentajan, Mr. Richelle L. Sanchez,
and Mr. Dennis M. Cardenal for extending their help to us in making this work a
success;
To our parents, who offered their assistance and
guidance for the completion of this study for their understanding, prayers, and
financial support;
To our friends, for the moral support to help us
overcome the challenges; and
Most of all, thanks to Almighty God who gave us
infinite guidance and support to help us accomplish this research.
M. C. ANTONIO
A. R. ANTOY
J. LUMOGDA
March 2014
Abstract
Larvicidal Effect of Madre de Cacao Leaf Extract (Gliricidia sepium) on Mosquito Larvae (Culex pipiens).
By
Ma.
Chzarmyn T. Antonio
Aina
Rie M. Antoy
Jances
M. Lumogda
Prof. Zenaida T. Juada
Adviser
This
experimental research was conducted to determine the level of effectiveness of
Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium)
leaf extract as a larvicide for household mosquitoes (Culex pipiens). It further looked into whether there is no
significant difference in the level of effectiveness of Madre de cacao leaf
extract as larvicide at different concentrations.
A total of 555 household mosquito larvae (Culex pipiens) were cultured and treated
with Madre de Cacao leaf extract. There were five treatments used which include
0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100 % of Madre de Cacao leaf extract. The Mean was
used to determine the level of
effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract as larvicide described as less
effective, moderately effective, effective and very effective. The ANOVA
was used to determine the significant difference in the level of
effectiveness of different concentrations of Madre de Cacao on household
mosquito larvae (Culex pipiens) set at 0.01 level of significance.
The study showed
that 50%, 75% and 100% concentration of extract were found to be very effective
in killing household mosquito larvae (Culex
pipiens) while 25% concentration of the extract came out only as effective.
There was a significant difference in the level of effectiveness of Madre de
Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaf
extract as larvicide to household mosquitoes between 25% concentration and 50%,
75%, and 100% concentration while there was no significant difference in the
level of effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract as larvicide when 50%,
75%, and 100% concentration were used.
From the results
of the study, Madre de cacao leaf extract can be a potential natural larvicide
on mosquitoes and can be an alternative substitute to commercial mosquito
pesticide. The researchers recommend the use of Madre de cacao leaf extract as
an alternative natural larvicide on household mosquitoes to reduce the side
effect of using commercial pesticides especially on places where the plant
grows abundantly and to wet places prone to mosquitoes. Further research is
recommended on other potential use of Madre de Cacao aside from
its larvicidal effect.
Table of Contents
Page
Number
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract v
List of Tables x
Appendices xi
Chapter
I.
Introduction to the Study 1
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Hypothesis 3
Scope and Limitation of the Study 3
Significance of the Study 4
Definition of Terms 5
II.
Review of Related
Literature
8
Morphological description of Madre de Cacao 8
(Gliricidia sepium)
Chemical Components of
Madre de Cacao 9
Uses and Efficacy of Madre de Cacao 10
(Gliricidia sepium)
Medicinal Value of Madre de Cacao Leaf
Extract 14
Related Studies about the potentiality of 15
Madre
de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium)
III.
Research Methodology 18
Experimental Design and
Treatment 19
Research Paradigm 20
Procedure 21
Instrumentation 23
Statistical Tools 24
IV.
Results and Discussion 25
V.
Summary, Findings,
Conclusions and
Recommendations 32
Summary 33
Findings 34
Conclusions 35 Recommendations 35
References 37
Appendices 40
List of Tables
Table Page
Number
1 Treatment,
Level of Concentration of 19
Madre
de Cacao Leaf Extract
and
Replicates.
2
Results showing the Treatment, 26 Number of Mosquito Larvae Died in
each Replicate
and the Level of Effectiveness.
3 Mean Standard
Deviation and Standard 29 Error at Different Concentration of
Madre de
Cacao Leaf Extract.
4 Results of the ANOVA 30
5 Multiple
Comparisons 31
List of Appendices
Appendices Page
Number
A Pictures
in Preparation of Extract 41
C Results
in 0 % Concentration 43
D Results
in 25 % Concentration 44
E Results
in 50 % Concentration 45
F Results
in 75 % Concentration 46
G Results
in 100 % Concentration 47
CHAPTER I
Introduction
This chapter presents the background of the
study, statement of the problem, hypothesis, scope and limitation, significance
of the study, and definition of terms.
Background of the Study
Mosquitoes are among the common insects that endanger human health by spreading
human diseases through bites. Millions of death worldwide every year is
attributed to mosquitoes. By bloodsucking, female mosquitoes need blood to
nourish their eggs, multiply and transmit diseases. Dengue or hemorrhagic fever
is a dreadful disease caused by a virus and transmitted by mosquitoes. To prevent proliferation of mosquito bites
diseases and to improve the quality of environment and public health, mosquito
control is essential. (Gosh, Chowdhury and Chandra 2012).There are many methods
of control that can be implemented to reduce the number of mosquitoes. Local
councils may use commercial larvicides (pesticides that kill the larvae) which
prevent mosquitoes from maturing to adults.
In an effort to help the government combat
the disease and eradicate mosquito carrier, the researchers determined the
effect of Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia
sepium) leaf extract on mosquito larvae. Studies have shown that the plant
Madre de Cacao is an insect repellant and has the ability to kill many insects
which can become potential carrier of many diseases. At present there is still
a wide use of commercial and synthetic chemicals to destroy pests which are
potential carriers and are expensive. The researchers are aware of the risk of
high toxic chemical compounds and become interested in using natural pesticides
derive from plants as a means of destroying pests hence the conduct of this
study. Statement
of the Problem
The main objective of the study was to
determine the larvicidal effectiveness of Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves extract on mosquitoes. Specifically,
this study aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What is the level of effectiveness of
Madre de Cacao leaf extract as a mosquito larvicide? 2.
Is there significant difference in the
level of effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract as a mosquito larvicide
at different concentrations? Hypothesis
Based
on the problem cited this hypothesis is advanced:
No: There is no significant difference in the
level of effectiveness of Madre de cacao leaf extract in killing mosquito
larvae at different concentrations. Scope
and Limitations of the Study
This study determined the larvicidal
effect of Madre de Cacao leaf extract on household mosquitoes (Culex pipiens). The study was conducted
at University of Antique Science Building Laboratory room. The experimental
period lasted for 24 hours. Five treatments with different concentrations of
Madre de Cacao leaf extract were used and each treatment containing three
replicates with thirty seven larvae arranged in Parallel Group Design.
To
determine the level of effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaves as a larvicide,
the Mean was used and is described as less effective, moderately effective,
effective ad very effective.
The
One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant
difference in the level of effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract at
different concentration and tested at .01 level of significance. Significance
of the Study
This study aimed to discover the
potential use of Madre de Cacao leaf extract in eradicating mosquitoes and as a
substitute for commercial pesticides. The researchers believed that this study
will be beneficial to the following:
“Medical Practitioners” Results of the study will provide these people
with basic knowledge and information as to the potential use of natural
pesticide specifically Madre de cacao in eradicating mosquito larvae as well as
its usefulness in eradicating other similar pests that may cause different kinds
of diseases brought by them.
“Government”
The results of this study will help lessen government expenses intended in
eradicating mosquitoes.
“Community”
This study will benefit the community for it would provide them cheaper and
effective mosquito larvae repellent and improve their awareness of the
important value of Madre de Cacao as an alternative larvicide.
“Researchers.” The result of this study
will serve as baseline information for those who are interested to conduct
further investigation related to the problem. Definition of Terms
The
following terms are defined in order to give a clearer understanding on how the
words are used in the study.
“Concentration” It refers to the
percentage by volume of Madre de cacao leaf extract in a solution and is
described as 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%.
“Effectiveness” It
refers to the potential level of Madre de cacao in killing mosquito larvae and
is described as less effective, moderately effective, effective and very
effective.
“Larvicide”
It refers to a pesticide that kills mosquito larvae.
“Leaf Extract” It refers to the liquid substance
obtained from pounded and blended Madre de cacao leaves.
“Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium)” A medium sized
leguminous tree which can grow from 10 to 12 meters high belonging to the
family Fabaceae.
“Mosquito
Larvae” They refer to the wrigglers obtained from the culture of household
mosquito (culex pipiens) in duration
of five to seven days.
“Replicate” This term refers to every
treatment that appears more than once in the experiment to provide a means for estimating
experimental error. In this study, it refers to the number of trials in each
treatment.
“Treatment” This term refers to the
different concentration of Madre de Cacao leaf extract in the experimental
group and is described as Treatment 1 (control), Treatment 2, Treatment 3,
Treatment 4 and Treatment 5.
CHAPTER
II Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter gives the description of
the morphology and characteristics of Madre de Cacao, its uses and efficacy,
medicinal value and related studies as to its larvicidal effect. Morphological description of
Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium)
Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium)
is a small to medium-sized, thorn less, leguminous tree
up to 10-12 m high. It is branching frequently from the base with basal
diameters reaching 50-70 cm. Bark is smooth, varying in color from
whitish grey to deep red-brown. The trees display spreading crowns.
Leaves are odd pinnate,
usually alternate, sub-opposite or opposite, and approximately 30 cm long. The leaflets
are 5-20, ovate
or elliptic,
2-7 cm long, and 1-3 cm wide. The leaflet
midrib and rachis are occasionally striped red. Inflorescences appear as
clustered racemes on distal
parts on new and old wood, 5-15 cm long. Flowers borne singly with 20-40 per raceme with colors that vary from bright pink to lilac, tinged with
white, usually with a diffuse pale yellow spot at the base of the standardpetal, and the calyxglabrous,
green, often tinged red. Standardpetal is round and nearly erect,
approximately 20 mm long keel
petals 15-20 mm long, 4-7 mm wide. Fruit green, sometimes tinged
reddish-purple when unripe, light yellow-brown when mature, narrow, 10-18 cm
long, 2 cm wide, valves twisting in dehiscence; seeds 4-10, yellow-brown
to brown, nearly round. (http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Gliricidia_sepium.html)
Medicinal Value of Madre de Cacao Leaf Extract
In
the Philippines, Gliricidia is washed and pounded to extract the juice from the
leaves. It is then applied to the area affected by external parasites once to
twice a day for one week. In Guatemala, the bark and leaves of Gliricidia are
used to treat human skin diseases. (http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/medicinal/gliricid.html)
Madre de Cacao was
reported to be expectorant, insecticidal, rodenticidal, sedative, suppurative.
Madre de Cacao is a folk remedy for alopecia, boils, bruises, burns, colds,
cough, debility, eruptions, erysipelas, fever, fractures, gangrene, head-ache,
itch, prickly heat, rheumatism, skin, sore, tumors, ulcers, urticaria, and
wounds (Duke and Wain, 1981 in http://www.customessaymeister.com/
customessays/Botany/16649.html)
Related Studies about the potentiality of Madre de Cacao
(Gliricidia sepium)
Research
has been conducted on both the antifungal and antimicrobial properties of
Gliricidia extracts. In a brine shrimp toxicity test, a general screening
method indicative of cytotoxicity and pesticidal activity, the LC50 was
454ug.ml (CI 328-608). , medicarpin, one of the compounds in the leaves and
heartwood of gliricidia, is supposed to be antifungal. In an antifungal study,
gliricidia extracts inhibited the germination of Drechsleraoryzae only 6%. However, in another study, 50ug of
stem chloroform extracts inhibited the growth of Cladosporium cucumerinum and slightly inhibited the growth of Candida albicans. In contrast, in
another study, the antimicrobial properties of extracts from the bark of
gliricidia were tested. It was effective against bacteria causing dermatitis.
However, it was not effective against enterobacteria or Candida albicans. The discrepancy in the effectiveness against Candida albicans could be because of
the quantity of plant extract used or the types of extracts used. In another
study, leaf extracts were found to be effective against the dermatophytes, microsporumcanis, Trichophytonmenta grophytes
,varalgodonosa, and T. rubrum. It was not effective
against Epidermophyton floccosum, M.
gypseum or T.mentagrophytes vargranulare. (http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/medicinal/gliricid.html)
A
study done by Alfredo Rabena, a full-time professor at the University of
Northern Philippines in Vigan City, found that kakawati leaves are good source
of coumarins, a toxic substance that can kill almost all types of pests and
insects. Rabena said one kilogram of kakawati leaves, soaked in water
overnight, can produce seven gallons of “botanopesticides” (botanical
pesticides) as an effective pest control. (http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleid=401291.) Another study
conducted by Zamboanga National High School Science Lab (2008), about the
larvicidal property of crude aqueous Madre de cacao extract against larvae. Extracts
were taken from fresh young stem’s scrapings and leaves mixed with equal parts
of water. 20, 15 and15 mL of the two extracts were independently
treated on the 10 mosquito wrigglers suspended in 5.0 mL rain water in separate
Petri dishes. Five trials were done for all the setups. All the groups were
undisturbed for 24 hours. The greatest mortality was observed in 20 and 15 mL
leaf extract with both means of 9.4 (94% mortality, with n=5). In the study Larvicidal Activity of Gliricidia sepium Against Mosquito
Larvae of Anopheles stephansi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus by
Sharma, N., et al., (1998), Crude ethanol
extracts (CEE) of dried leaves (CEE1), fresh leaves (CEE2), dried petioles
(CEE3) and stem bark (CEE4) of Gliricidia sepium were investigated for their
toxic properties on the late third instar larvae of Anopheles stephansi, Aedes aegypti
and Culex quinquefasciatus. The results indicate that all the CEEs are toxic to
the larvae of the three species, causing 100% mortality at or below a dosage of
16,000 ppm. Although the mortality rate is dose-dependent, the larvae of
different species exhibit genetic variability with respect to their tolerance
at lower doses of CEE. It is likely that the toxicity, at least in some cases,
could be due to more than one toxic principle. The findings also suggest that
toxic principles vary quantitatively and/or qualitatively in different organs
of the plant. Overall, CEE2 shows a higher toxicity and CEE3 shows a weaker
toxicity compared to CEEs from fresh leaves and bark.
The above related literature
and studies gave more information and insights to the researchers in conducting
this research study.
Chapter III
Methodology
This chapter presents
the procedure, experimental design and treatment and the materials used in
conducting the study.
Experimental Design and Treatments
This study made use of the
experimental method of research. The experiment consisted of five treatments
with three replicates arranged in a Parallel Group Design shown below.
Table 1. Experimental Design showing treatment,
level of concentration of Madre de Cacao leaf extract and replicates.
|
Madre de Cacao Leaf Extract Treatment
|
Replicates indicating number of
larvae used
|
Total number of larvae
|
||
|
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
111
|
|
T1 (0%)
|
37
|
37
|
37
|
111
|
|
T2 (25%)
|
37
|
37
|
37
|
111
|
|
T3(50%)
|
37
|
37
|
37
|
111
|
|
T4(75%)
|
37
|
37
|
37
|
111
|
|
T5(100%)
|
37
|
37
|
37
|
111
|
|
Total: 555
|
||||
The target population was 125 mosquito larvae in each treatment. This
was computed using the formula Ss = NV
+ [ Se2(1- p ) ]NSe + [ V2 (p) (1- p ) ]
Since there were five treatment and replicated three times, fifteen
petri dishes and a total of 111 mosquito larvae were used for each treatment.
Each replicates for the five treatments contained thirty seven mosquito larvae
placed on a petri dish.
Research Paradigm:
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
|
Concentration of Madre de Cacao Leaf Extract
(0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%)
|
|
Level of Effectiveness of Madre de
Cacao Leaf Extract as Natural Larvicide
|
Procedure
Culturing of Mosquito Larvae The
mosquito larvae were cultured for duration of five to seven days. The bucket
was filled with water and handfuls of manure were added for the mosquitoes to
be feed on. The mosquito eggs were checked frequently. If there were already
small eggs on the surface of water, the eggs were transferred from the bucket
to a jar at room-temperature using fresh water and provided with a fish net for
easier catch until they reach their larval stage of development. At this stage,
the larvae looked like long insects that wiggle when disturbed. After seven
days, the larvae were taken from the jar using a fish net and used as a subject
in the study.
Collection and Processing of Madre
de Cacao Plant
The
leaves of Madre de Cacao were gathered
from its planting areas in Ilaya, Bugasong, Antique, Philippines. The leaves
were washed and pounded using amortar and pestle then blended and the extracts
were collected using a strainer. The extract was diluted by adding distilled
water as to different concentrations.
Treatment
The
concentration was varied to twenty five percent (25%), fifty percent (50%),
seventy five percent (75 %) and one hundred percent (100%) by volume
respectively. There were five treatments used. Treatment (1) is the control
with zero percent (0 %) concentration of the extract. Treatment (2) used 25 %
concentration containing 10 ml of extract and 30 ml of distilled water.
Treatment (3) used 50% concentration containing 20 ml of extract and 20 ml of
distilled water. Treatment (4) used 75% concentration containing 30 ml of the
extract and 10 ml of distilled water and lastly is Treatment (5)
100% containing 40 ml of extract with no distilled water. The
prepared Madre de Cacao extract at varying concentrations were placed in a
petri dish with three (3) replicates for each treatment, a total of fifteen
(15) petri dishes. Thirty seven (37) larvae were added on each petri dish and
were observed by the researchers for duration of twenty four (24) hours. The number of dead larvae in each petri dish
were then counted and recorded by the researchers.
Instrumentation
The materials and equipments used were: Blender–
an electrical appliance with whirling blades for chopping, mixing or liquefying
foods. In the study, it is used for further grinding and mixing the pounded
Madre de Cacao leaves.
Graduated
Cylinder - used to measure the amount and percentage concentration of the
extract.
Madre
de Cacao leaves- the leaves were chopped pounded and extracted using a
blender and a strainer.
Mortar and Pestle – used in pounding the
Madre de Cacao leaves to obtain the
extract.
Mosquito
larvae – a wormlike feeding form that hatch from the egg of household
mosquito.
Petri Dish- used as a container for the set up
and treatments. Strainer-
used in separating the extract from the blended Madre de cacao leaves.
Statistical Tools
To
determine the level of effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract as
larvicide for mosquitoes, the Mean was used. The Mean was obtained by adding
the number of mosquito larvae that died in three replicates divided by three.
The following descriptions were used:
|
Descriptions
|
Mean Ratings
(Number of mosquito larvae died)
|
|
Less effective
|
0 -9.24
|
|
Moderately effective
|
9.25-18.49
|
|
Effective
|
18.50-27.74
|
|
Very effective
|
27.75-37
|
To determine
whether there is a significant difference in the level of effectiveness of
Madre de Cacao leaf extract in killing mosquito larvae as to different
concentrations, the One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used using 0.01
level of significance.
CHAPTER IV
Results and Discussion
This chapter presents the
analysis, discussion and findings of the results of the study. This study investigated
the level of effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract as a larvicide to
mosquitoes. It also looked into whether there is a significant difference in
the level of effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract as larvicide using
varied concentration.
A.
Level of Effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf Extract on mosquito
larvae.
To determine the
level of effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract as larvicide on household
mosquitoes, the mean was used. The description of the level of effectiveness is
based on the following mean rating scale. A Mean Rating Scale of 0-9.24 is
described as less effective, 9.25-18.49 as moderately effective, 18.50-27.74 as
effective and 27.75-37 as very effective.
The results of the study are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Results showing the treatment,
number of mosquito larvae died in each replicate and the level of
effectiveness.
|
Treatment
|
Number of Mosquito larvae died
|
Level of effectiveness
(Description)
|
|||||
|
|
Replicate 1
|
Replicate 2
|
Replicate 3
|
Mean
|
|
||
|
1 (0%)
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0.7
|
|
||
|
2 (25%)
|
28
|
28
|
26
|
27.33
|
Effective
|
||
|
3 (50%)
|
35
|
37
|
35
|
35.67
|
Very effective
|
||
|
4 (75%)
|
37
|
37
|
37
|
37
|
Very effective
|
||
|
5 (100%)
|
37
|
37
|
37
|
37
|
Very effective
|
||
Results on the
treatment of Madre de Cacao leaf extract on mosquito larvae showed that in the
duration of twenty four hours, in 25% concentration, 28 mosquito larvae died in
Trial 1, 28 mosquito larvae died in Trial 2 and 26 mosquito larvae died in
Trial 3 with the Mean of 27.33. This indicated that at this concentration, the
Madre de cacao leaf extract is an effective larvicide on mosquitoes. As regards, 50% concentration, 35
mosquito larvae died in Trial 1, 37 in Trial 2 and 35 died in Trial 3 with the
Mean of 35.67. The results indicated that at this concentration Madre de Cacao
leaf extract is considered as a very effective treatment for killing mosquito
larvae.
When 75% and 100%
concentration were used, all the 37 mosquito larvae died in Trials 1, 2 and 3
with the Mean of 37. This indicates that at this concentration Madre de Cacao
becomes very effective in killing mosquito larvae. As to the control group, no mosquito
larvae died in trial, and only 1 mosquito larvae died in trial 2 and trial 3
with a mean of 0.7.
B. Difference in the
level of Effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract as a larvicide at varied
concentration.
To determine whether
there is a significant difference in the level of effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract in killing
household mosquito larvae at different concentration, the One Way Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) was used and tested at 0.01 level of significance.
Results of the ANOVA computation
showed that there were significant differences in the level of effectiveness of
Madre de Cacao (Gliricidiasepium) leaf extract
between 0% concentration and 25% concentration, 0% concentration and 50%
concentration, 0% concentration and 75% concentration, 0 and 100%, 25%
concentration and 50% concentration, 25% concentration and 50% concentration,
25%oncentration and 75% concentration, and 25% concentration and 100%
concentration since the obtained values were lower than .01. Therefore the null
hypothesis was rejected. The data were shown in Table 5.
On the other hand when
a test of significant difference between 50% concentration and 75%
concentration, 50% concentration and 100% concentration, 75% concentration and
100% concentration were computed.
Results revealed that there is no significant difference between these
concentrations since the obtained value is higher than 0.01. Therefore the null
hypothesis was accepted
Table 3. Mean Standard Deviation and Standard Error
at Different Concentration of Madre de Cacao Leaf Extract.
|
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std.
Deviation
|
Std.
Error
|
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
|
Minimum
|
Maximum
|
|
|
Lower
Bound
|
Upper
Bound
|
|||||||
|
Control
|
3
|
.6667
|
.57735
|
.33333
|
-.7676
|
2.1009
|
.00
|
1.00
|
|
25%
|
3
|
27.3333
|
1.15470
|
.66667
|
24.4649
|
30.2018
|
26.00
|
28.00
|
|
50%
|
3
|
35.6667
|
1.15470
|
.66667
|
32.7982
|
38.5351
|
35.00
|
37.00
|
|
75%
|
3
|
37.0000
|
.00000
|
.00000
|
37.0000
|
37.0000
|
37.00
|
37.00
|
|
100%
|
3
|
37.0000
|
.00000
|
.00000
|
37.0000
|
37.0000
|
37.00
|
37.00
|
|
Total
|
15
|
27.5333
|
14.41164
|
3.72107
|
19.5524
|
35.5142
|
.00
|
37.00
|
|
|
Table 4. Results of the ANOVA computations showing the Significant
Differences in the Level of Effectiveness of Madre de Cacao at Different Concentrations
|
|
|||||
|
No. of dead larvae
|
Sum
of Squares
|
df
|
Mean Square
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
Between
Groups
|
2901.733
|
4
|
725.433
|
1209.056
|
.000
|
|
Within Groups
|
6.000
|
10
|
.600
|
|
|
|
Total
|
2907.733
|
14
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|||||
|
Table. 5
Mulltiple
Comparisons
Dependent
Variable: No. of Dead Larvae
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CHAPTER V
Summary, Findings, Conclusions and
Recommendations
This chapter presents the summary of the
study, findings, conclusions and recommendations.
Summary of the Study
The
primary objective of this study was to determine the larvicidal effectiveness
of Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium)
leaf extract on household mosquito larvae (Culex
pipiens).
Specifically, it sought to answer
the following questions:
1.
What is the level of effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract as mosquito
larvicide?
2.Is
there a significant difference in the level of effectiveness of Madre de Cacao
leaf extract as a mo0squito larvicide at different concentrations?
The
null hypothesis tested was there was no significant difference in the level of
effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract in killing household mosquito
larvae at different concentration. This
study made use of the experimental method of research using the Parallel Group
Design.
There were 5 treatments used.
Treatment 1 (0 %), Treatment 2 (25%), Treatment 3 (50%), Treatment 4 (75%), and
Treatment 5 (100%). A total of 555 larvae were used. Each treatment with 111
larvae was divided into three replicates containing 37 larvae each. The
mosquito larvae were cultured within 5-7 days and the experimental period
lasted for 24 hours.
The
data obtained were analyzed using the mean to determine the level of
effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract at different concentration in
killing mosquitoes.
The
One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant
difference in the level of effectiveness at different concentrations of Madre
de Cacao leaf extract using the 0.01 level of significance.
Findings of the Study
The study revealed the following
findings:
1.
The level of effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract at 25 % concentration
was effective when treated with household mosquito larvae. The succeeding
concentration of 50 %, 75 % and 100 % were found to be very effective in
killing mosquito larvae.
2.
There was a significant difference in the level of effectiveness of Madre de
Cacao leaf extract in killing household mosquito larvae between 0% and extract at higher concentrations.
Likewise, a significant difference was also noted in the
level of effectiveness of Madre de cacao between 25% concentration and 50%, 25% and 75%, and
25% and 100% concentration.
However, there was no
significant difference in the level of effectiveness between 50% and75%, 50 %
and 100% concentration.
Conclusions
From the findings of the study, these
conclusions were made: 1.Madre de Cacao
Leaf extract is an effective household mosquito larvicide.
Since Madre de Cacao leaf extract
is an effective household mosquito larvicide, it is a potent substitute for
commercial mosquito larvicide.
2.The
effectiveness of Madre de cacao leaf extract in killing household mosquito
larvae increases with higher concentrations.
Recommendations
Based from the findings and conclusion
of the study, the following recommendations were made:
1.
Since Madre de Cacao is a potent larvicide, its use in eradicating and killing
household mosquitoes is highly recommended especially on wet places prone to
mosquitoes. `
2.
To reduce the side effects of using commercial pesticides in killing
mosquitoes, the use of Madre de Cacao as a natural larvicide is recommended.
3. A
similar study should be conducted using a bigger number of larvae and other
parts of Madre de Cacao to test its effectiveness as well as to verify the
validity of the results.
REFERENCES
References
Alingayao, C. S. and Parado, M. M. (2008). Retrieved from
sibugay-research.blogspot.com .
Anupam G., Nandita C. andGoutam C.
(2012).Plant Extracts as Potential Mosquito Larvicides. Department of
Zoology.The University of Burdwan. India.
Cook,
B. et al. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/
Media/Html/Gliricidia_sepium.html
Cornell University. (2004). Retrieved from http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/medicinal/
gliricid.html.
Glover, N.(1989).
Gliricidia. Its Name Tells its Story: Nitrogen Fixing Tree Highlights. Winrock
International, Arkansas, USA.
Mannetje,
L. and Jones, R.M. (1996).Plant Resources of South-East Asia No.
4.Forages.(Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Prakash,
A. (2008). Retrieved
from www.jbiopest.com/users/LW8/efiles/Anand%20Prakash_4_1.pdf.
Rahila, N. et al.
(2008).Insecticidal, Nematicidal and Antibacterial Activities of
GliricidiaSepium.Food and Marine Resources Research Center. Pakistan
Stewart,
J.L., Allison, G.E. and Simons, A.J. (1996) Gliricidiasepium:
Genetic resources for
farmers. Oxford Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, UK.
Wiersum,
K.F. and Nitis, I.M. (1996). Gliricidia sepium. Plant Resources of South-East
Asia No. 4.Forages.(Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands.
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Preparation of Extract
Appendix B
Results in 0 % Concentration
|
Replicate
|
No. of Larvae Used
|
No. of Mosquito Larvae Died
|
|
1
|
37
|
0
|
|
2
|
37
|
1
|
|
3
|
37
|
1
|
Appendix C
Results in 25 % Concentration
|
Replicate
|
No. of Larvae Used
|
No. of Mosquito Larvae Died
|
|
1
|
37
|
28
|
|
2
|
37
|
28
|
|
3
|
37
|
26
|
|
|
||
Appendix D
Results in 50 % Concentration
|
Replicate
|
No. of Larvae Used
|
No. of Mosquito Larvae Died
|
|
1
|
37
|
35
|
|
2
|
37
|
37
|
|
3
|
37
|
35
|
Appendix E
Results in 75 % Concentration
|
Replicate
|
No. of Larvae Used
|
No. of Mosquito Larvae Died
|
|
1
|
37
|
37
|
|
2
|
37
|
37
|
|
3
|
37
|
37
|
Appendix F
Results in 100 % Concentration
|
Replicate
|
No. of Larvae Used
|
No. of Mosquito Larvae Died
|
|
1
|
37
|
37
|
|
2
|
37
|
37
|
|
3
|
37
|
37
|
